Cholecystitis is the inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones impacted in the cystic duct. Stones (calculi) are made up of cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, or a mixture caused by changes in the bile composition. Gallstones can develop in the common bile duct, cystic duct, hepatic duct, small bile duct, and pancreatic duct. Crystals can also form in the submucosa of the gallbladder causing widespread inflammation. Acute cholecystitis with cholelithiasis is usually treated by surgery, although several other treatment methods (fragmentation and dissolution of stones) are now being used.
Cholelithiasis, stones or calculi in the gallbladder, results from changes in bile components. Gallstones are made of cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, or a mix of cholesterol and bilirubin. They arise during periods of sluggishness in the gallbladder due to pregnancy, hormonal contraceptives, diabetes mellitus, celiac disease, cirrhosis of the liver, and pancreatitis.
Nursing care planning and management for patients with cholecystitis include relieving pain and promoting rest, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, preventing complications, and provision of information about the disease process, prognosis, and treatment.
Patients with cholecystitis and cholelithiasis are at risk for deficient fluid volume due to excessive losses resulting from vomiting or diarrhea, limited intake due to nausea and anorexia, and altered clotting processes due to liver dysfunction. This can lead to dehydration and impaired perfusion, which can worsen the inflammatory response associated with these conditions and potentially lead to systemic complications.
1. Maintain accurate record of I&O, noting output less than intake, and increased urine specific gravity. Assess skin and mucous membranes, peripheral pulses, and capillary refill.
To provide information about the fluid status and circulating volume needing replacement.
2. Monitor for signs and symptoms of increased or continued nausea or vomiting, abdominal cramps, weakness, twitching, seizures, irregular heart rate, paresthesia, hypoactive or absent bowel sounds, and depressed respirations.
Prolonged vomiting, gastric aspiration, and restricted oral intake can lead to deficits in sodium, potassium, and chloride.
3. Assess for unusual bleeding: oozing from injection sites, epistaxis, bleeding gums, ecchymosis, petechiae, hematemesis, or melena.
Prothrombin is reduced and coagulation time is prolonged when bile flow is obstructed, increasing the risk of bleeding or hemorrhage.
1. Eliminate noxious sights or smells from the environment.
Reduces stimulation of vomiting center.
2. Perform frequent oral hygiene with alcohol-free mouthwash; apply lubricants.
Decreases dryness of oral mucous membranes; reduces the risk of oral bleeding.
3. Use small-gauge needles for injections and apply firm pressure for longer than usual after venipuncture.
Reduces trauma, and risk of bleeding or hematoma formation.
4. Keep patient NPO as necessary.
Decreases GI secretions and motility.
5. Insert NG tube, connect to suction, and maintain patency as indicated.
To rest the GI Tract
Patients with cholecystitis and cholelithiasis may experience acute pain due to obstruction of the gallbladder or bile ducts by gallstones, inflammation and irritation of the gallbladder wall, and tissue ischemia resulting from impaired blood flow to the affected area. The pain is often located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, nausea, and vomiting.
1. Observe and document location, severity (0–10 scale), and character of pain (steady, intermittent, colicky).
Assists in differentiating causes of pain, and provides information about disease progression and resolution, development of complications, and effectiveness of interventions.
2. Note the response to medication, and report to the physician if the pain is not being relieved.
Severe pain not relieved by routine measures may indicate developing complications or a need for further intervention.
1. Promote bedrest, allowing the patient to assume a position of comfort.
Bedrest in low-Fowler’s position reduces intra-abdominal pressure; however, the patient will naturally assume the least painful position.
2. Use soft or cotton linens; calamine lotion, oil bath; cool or moist compresses as indicated.
Reduces irritation and dryness of the skin and itching sensation.
3. Control the environmental temperature.
Cool surroundings aid in minimizing dermal discomfort.
4. Encourage the use of relaxation techniques. Provide diversional activities.
Promotes rest, and redirecting attention may enhance coping.
5. Make time to listen to and maintain frequent contact with the patient.
Helpful in alleviating anxiety and refocusing attention, which can relieve pain.
6. Maintain NPO status, insert and/or maintain NG suction as indicated.
Removes gastric secretions that stimulate the release of cholecystokinin and gallbladder contractions.
7. Administer medications as indicated:
Patients with cholecystitis and cholelithiasis are at risk for imbalanced nutrition, with less than the body’s requirements, due to dietary restrictions to avoid exacerbating symptoms, loss of nutrients from impaired digestion and absorption, impaired fat digestion and malabsorption, and pain and dyspepsia leading to decreased intake. These factors can lead to malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies, potentially worsening the inflammatory response and impairing overall healing.
1. Calculate caloric intake. Keep comments about appetite to a minimum.
Identifies nutritional deficiencies and/or needs. Focusing on a problem creates a negative atmosphere and may interfere with intake.
2. Weigh as indicated.
Monitors the effectiveness of the dietary plan.
3. Assess for abdominal distension, frequent belching, guarding, and reluctance to move.
Nonverbal signs of discomfort associated with impaired digestion, and gas pain.
4. Monitor laboratory studies: BUN, prealbumin, albumin, total protein, and transferrin levels.
Provides information about nutritional deficits or the effectiveness of therapy.
1. Consult with the patient about likes and dislikes, foods that cause distress, and preferred meal schedules.
Involving the patient in planning enables the patient to have a sense of control and encourages eating.
2. Provide a pleasant atmosphere at mealtime; remove noxious stimuli.
Useful in promoting appetite/reducing nausea.
3. Provide oral hygiene before meals.
A clean mouth enhances appetite.
4. Offer effervescent drinks with meals, if tolerated.
May lessen nausea and relieve gas. Note: May be contraindicated if the beverage causes gas formation/gastric discomfort.
5. Ambulate and increase activity as tolerated.
Helpful in the expulsion of flatus, and reduction of abdominal distension. Contributes to overall recovery and a sense of well-being and decreases the possibility of secondary problems related to immobility (pneumonia, thrombophlebitis).
6. Consult with a dietitian or nutritional support team as indicated.
Useful in establishing individual nutritional needs and the most appropriate route.
7. Begin a low-fat liquid diet after the NG tube is removed.
Limiting fat content reduces stimulation of the gallbladder and pain associated with incomplete fat digestion and is helpful in preventing recurrence.
8. Advance diet as tolerated, usually low-fat, high-fiber. Restrict gas-producing foods (onions, cabbage, popcorn) and foods or fluids high in fats (butter, fried foods, nuts).
Meets nutritional requirements while minimizing stimulation of the gallbladder.
9. Administer bile salts: Bilron, Zanchol, and dehydrocholic acid (Decholin), as indicated.
Promotes digestion and absorption of fats, fat-soluble vitamins, and cholesterol. Useful in chronic cholecystitis.
10. Provide parenteral and/or enteral feedings as needed.
Alternative feeding may be required depending on the degree of disability and gallbladder involvement and the need for prolonged gastric rest.
Patients with cholecystitis and cholelithiasis may have deficient knowledge about the condition due to a lack of information or misinformation about the disease, misinterpretation of available information, and unfamiliarity with the medical terminology and concepts associated with the condition. This can lead to confusion, anxiety, and uncertainty about how to manage the condition and prevent future complications.
1. Review disease process and prognosis. Discuss hospitalization and prospective treatment as indicated. Encourage questions and expressions of concern.
Provides a knowledge base from which patients can make informed choices. Effective communication and support at this time can diminish anxiety and promote healing.
2. Review drug regimen, and possible side effects.
Gallstones often recur, necessitating long-term therapy. Development of diarrhea or cramps during chenodiol therapy may be dose-related or correctable. Note: Women of childbearing age should be counseled regarding birth control to prevent pregnancy and the risk of fetal hepatic damage.
3. Review signs and symptoms requiring medical intervention: recurrent fever; persistent nausea and vomiting, or pain; jaundice of skin or eyes, itching; dark urine; clay-colored stools; blood in urine, stools, vomitus; or bleeding from mucous membranes.
Indicative of the progression of the disease process and development of complications requiring further intervention.
1. Explain reasons for test procedures and preparations as needed.
Information can decrease anxiety, thereby reducing sympathetic stimulation.
2. Discuss weight reduction programs if indicated
Obesity is a risk factor associated with cholecystitis, and weight loss is beneficial in the medical management of chronic conditions.
3. Instruct patient to avoid food/fluids high in fats (pork, gravies, nuts, fried foods, butter, whole milk, ice cream), gas producers (cabbage, beans, onions, carbonated beverages), or gastric irritants ( spicy foods, caffeine, citrus).
Limits or prevents recurrence of gallbladder attacks.
4. Recommend resting in a semi-Fowler’s position after meals.
Promotes flow of bile and general relaxation during the initial digestive process.
5. Suggest the patient limit gum chewing, sucking on straws and hard candy, or smoking.
Promotes gas formation, which can increase gastric distension and discomfort.
6. Discuss avoidance of aspirin-containing products, forceful blowing of the nose, straining for bowel movement, and contact sports.
Reduces the risk of bleeding related to changes in coagulation time, mucosal irritation, and trauma.
7. Recommend the use of a soft toothbrush or electric razor.
Reduces the risk of bleeding related to changes in coagulation time, mucosal irritation, and trauma.
Recommended nursing diagnosis and nursing care plan books and resources.
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Ackley and Ladwig’s Nursing Diagnosis Handbook: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care
We love this book because of its evidence-based approach to nursing interventions. This care plan handbook uses an easy, three-step system to guide you through client assessment, nursing diagnosis, and care planning. Includes step-by-step instructions showing how to implement care and evaluate outcomes, and help you build skills in diagnostic reasoning and critical thinking.
Nursing Care Plans – Nursing Diagnosis & Intervention (10th Edition)
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Nurse’s Pocket Guide: Diagnoses, Prioritized Interventions, and Rationales
Quick-reference tool includes all you need to identify the correct diagnoses for efficient patient care planning. The sixteenth edition includes the most recent nursing diagnoses and interventions and an alphabetized listing of nursing diagnoses covering more than 400 disorders.
Nursing Diagnosis Manual: Planning, Individualizing, and Documenting Client Care
Identify interventions to plan, individualize, and document care for more than 800 diseases and disorders. Only in the Nursing Diagnosis Manual will you find for each diagnosis subjectively and objectively – sample clinical applications, prioritized action/interventions with rationales – a documentation section, and much more!
All-in-One Nursing Care Planning Resource – E-Book: Medical-Surgical, Pediatric, Maternity, and Psychiatric-Mental Health
Includes over 100 care plans for medical-surgical, maternity/OB, pediatrics, and psychiatric and mental health. Interprofessional “patient problems” focus familiarizes you with how to speak to patients.
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Matt Vera, a registered nurse since 2009, leverages his experiences as a former student struggling with complex nursing topics to help aspiring nurses as a full-time writer and editor for Nurseslabs, simplifying the learning process, breaking down complicated subjects, and finding innovative ways to assist students in reaching their full potential as future healthcare providers.
